By analyzing the solvation effect of the solid/liquid interfacial layers,a concept of effective volume fraction is introduced into the usual viscosity formulations,the correction equations of which can correctly predict the magnitude of the viscosities of TiO_2-in-water nanofluids.

By analysing, a way to enlarge the effective volume to accumulate energy has been found, based on which a new type of hydraulic pressure circuit has been devised.

In this paper, beginning with the formula of electric machine capacity, the unilateralism of the conventional view that the electric machine effective volume will be decreased with the rotating speed increasing is introduced firstly.

And then, underground coal porositycalculation method and variational characteristic of coal effective pore volume compressibility are discussed.

At the same time,which aggregate density should be adopted in the caluculating method was recommended and the fact that the effective volume method,which was put forward by the authors,is not onlg able to improve the efficiency of the practical measurement method in bituminous mixtures,design but also satisfies the Precision dem.