After deriving residual noise from an image through wavelet filtering,a reference pattern of noise for a digital camera is extracted by averaging the residual noise from multiple images.

The reference pattern used in the system, which functions as a cluster center and makes the part classification more accurate, can be represented with a .

To define the part cluster reference patterns is the key in part classification system.

Variational formulas of dimensionless modal parameters for a weakly-guiding nonlinear SELFOC fibre;

A Research of Participation Model and Commensal Profit Mechanism of Old Urban Residential Area Sustainable Improvement;

To harmonize the relation among ecotourism stakeholders, this paper firstly regards tourist area as one of the main stakeholders, and puts forward participation models of eco-tourism stakeholders from two stage the planning stage and the implementation stage.

By methods of documentation,questionnaire investigation,statistics and logic analysis,leisure sports characteristics and participation pattern were discussed.

At the present stage,in the process of the peasants\' participation in the development of village tourism in Qingdao area,the occupation division is obvious and the gap between the rich and the poor is wide,the growth of participation pattern is imbalanced.