The formula can be for referrence before calculating of the rising surface curve of similar bridges.

Experimental and theoretical study of skew bridge backwater;

Comparison of Existing Backwater Models for Bridge Piers in Subcritical Flows;

Experimental study on backwater of submerged dikes;

Owing to located at the backwater effect end of 315 to water level of Sanmenxia reservior, the Dayudu area in the Yellow River was cause dammed water in the middle of January of 1996 when cold air overcasted with temperature falling down 5 to 7℃, which brought about ice accumulation in channel and ice blocking the river under discharge of around 300m3/s.

Research on plenar 2-D mathematical model of bridge pier choked flow;