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1)  virtual complementary energy
虚余能
2)  residual heat and energy
余热余能
1.
Based on the investigation on recovery and reuse of residual heat and energy of 20 iron & steel factories in China, the amount of residual heat and energyand that of the recovered are calculated a processby a process.
在对国内20家钢铁企业余热余能回收利用调研的基础上,按主要生产工序分析计算了我国钢铁工业余热余能资源量及回收利用现状,并计算目前我国钢铁工业的吨钢余热余能量及回收利用率;分析计算了未来我国钢铁工业各生产工序余热余能回收利用水平,并给出当前还具有的节能潜力。
3)  waste energy
余能
1.
This paper introduces sorts of waste energy(waste heat)resources in iron & steel enterprises and recovery principle and utilization ways.
介绍了钢铁工业余能 (余热 )资源的种类及其回收原则和利用途径。
4)  complementary energy
余能
1.
It is shown that the displacement vector in the functional of complementary energy principle for nonlinear elasticity can be represented by the second Kirchhoff stress tensor through solving the constraint equations of the functional: the equation of equilibrium and the surface traction condition.
指出非线性弹性理论中余能原理泛函中的位移场可由变分约束方程,即平衡方程和力的边界条件解出为Kirchhof第二应力张量的函数。
2.
In this paper,a new explicit expression of the geometrically nonlinear finite element method was developed on the complementary energy principle for the large displacement and large rotation problem on the basis of the concept of base forces as fundamental variables.
以基面力为基本未知量描述一个弹性系统的应力状态并表征单元的余能,将大变形的余能分解为变形余能部分和转动余能部分,采用Lagrange乘子法放松单元的平衡方程,利用已有的弹性大变形余能原理建立了一种几何非线性显式有限元模型,编制了相应的几何非线性余能原理有限元程序。
3.
But the energies of the two systems are not equal,and the difference is the complementary energy adsorbed by the boundary of the spring.
但是两个系统的平衡状态的能量不同,其差值为弹簧支撑边界所吸收为系统的余能。
5)  complementary virtual work principle
余虚功原理
1.
This paper applies Ritz and Galerkin method in elastic mechanics,deducts complementary virtual work principle with basic formula of elastic mechanics,and then gains minimal complementary energy principle to show that Ritz method and Galerkin method are equivalent,which illustrates that there are relative relationships between variational principle and weighted residual method.
将里茨法(Ritz)和伽辽金法(Galerkin)应用于弹性力学,由弹性力学基本方程推导出余虚功原理,进而求得最小余能原理,从而说明里茨法和伽辽金法是等价的,这也说明变分原理与加权残数法之间有亲缘关系。
6)  additional dummy arrows
多余虚箭线
1.
It will be helpful to personnel in engineering network planning for determining and deleting the additional dummy arrows quickly and correctly.
在深入分析双代号网络图中虚箭线生成过程的基础上 ,提出了针对不同具体问题类型判断及去除网络图中多余虚箭线的方法 ,其意义是有助于工程网络计划编制人员迅速识别并有效去除网络图中的多余虚箭
补充资料:弹性力学最小余能原理
      弹性力学的能量原理之一,它可表述为:整个弹性系统在真实状态下所具有的余能(见应变能),恒小于与其他可能的应力相应的余能。其中可能应力是指满足平衡方程和力的边界条件的应力,记为σ。整个弹性系统的余能表示式为:
  
  
  ,式中左侧为真实应力σij对应的余能;右侧第一项为弹性体的余能,uij)为余能密度,Ω是物体所占的空间;第二项为已知边界位移的余能,B1为给定位移的边界面,ūi为给定的位移分量,pi为面力分量,dB为B1上的面积微元;式中重复下标表示约定求和。这样,最小余能原理可表示为:
  
  
  
  
   Uij)≤U(σ),式中的等号只有当可能应力是真实应力时才成立。最小余能原理实质上等价于弹性体的变形连续条件。它可作为弹性力学直接解法和有限元法计算的重要基础。
  
  

参考书目
   胡海昌著:《弹性力学的变分原理及其应用》,科学出版社,北京,1981。
  

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