1) involuntary rationing of demand
非自愿配给
1.
The energy security problems such as the involuntary rationing of demand and sudden increa.
但在能源市场化过程中,非自愿配给和能源价格非预期增长等安全问题需要得到重视。
2) voluntary provision
自愿供给
1.
By varying the influence of individual contribution to the social available amount of public goods,theory on voluntary provision of public goods based on aggregation technology analysis could expand the analysis framework.
通过范式转换,即着眼于异化不同个体对公共物品供给量的影响,加总技术视角的公共物品自愿供给理论可以拓展公共物品的分析框架。
2.
By aggregating the individual provision to social amount of public goods, the theory on voluntary provision of public goods based on aggregation technology analyzes how to model those different types of public goods provision, which could be used to realize voluntary provision of public goods and then invent some correction policies to avoid the underprovision or lack of public goods provision.
加总技术视角的公共物品自愿供给理论是从供给者理性假设出发,通过区分个体公共物品供给量引致的社会可得消费水平,即利用不同加总技术进行公共物品供给的模型化细分,以解决如何在成员间实现公共物品的自愿供给及其供给水平,进而针对供给不足设计相应的矫正机制。
3.
In the classical public goods theory, it is suggested that "free rider" will make the public good s voluntary provision impossible.
经典的公共品理论认为，在公共品的提供过程中，“利己人”的“搭便车”行为会使公共品的自愿供给无法实现。
3) Voluntary supply
自愿供给
1.
The Voluntary Supply of Corporate Social Capital: A Static Game Model;
企业社会资本的自愿供给:一个静态博弈模型
2.
They discussed respectively from the aspects of government supply, market supply, community supply, voluntary supply and multi-supply.
关于农村公共产品供给问题,国内外学者们的意见并不统一,他们分别从政府供给、市场供给、社区供给、自愿供给和多元供给等角度进行了论述。
4) Volunteer supply
自愿者供给
5) unwillingness
[英][ʌn'wiliŋnis] [美][ʌn'wɪlɪŋnɪs]
非自愿性
1.
This paper gives an analysis of China s traditional contracts of buying and selling,pawn,marriage and families to explore their unwillingness and inequality.
与此相反,中国传统契约活动具有非自愿性和不平等性。
补充资料：非自愿失业
工资率是劳动的价格。当工资具有向下的粘性时，工资率的下调就会很困难。这会给劳动市场带来什么样的影响?当劳动市场供不应求时，倒不会有什么问题：工资率将上调，促使劳动供给增加，市场仍能出清。但是，当劳动市场供过于求时，问题就凸现出来：因为工资率不能下调，多出的劳动供给就不能被市场吸收，一些愿意在现行市场工资率下工作的人就找不到工作%26#8212;%26#8212;他们失业了。这种失业就被称为非自愿失业。
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。
参考词条