1) orthodox ideas
正统观念
1.
The orthodox ideas in Chinese history,which first emerged from the debate between Huaxia and barbarians,consist of three components: national,political and cultural legitimacy,which in turn reflect in historiography,legitimacy of history,including the contention of Huaxia,ideas of unification of the whole country,and the theory of soldiery and loyalty.
中国历史上的正统观念最早起源于远古中原诸夏与四夷的华夷之辨,其内涵主要包括民族正统、政治正统、文化正统,这种内涵反映到史学上则产生了历史正统理论,主要包括华夏之争、大一统思想及五德终始说。
2.
From the analysis of the changes of political geographical map due to internal friction,the following conclusion can be drawn:the direct reason for territory changes was the wars between opposite regimes;restricted function of geographic conditions determined the trend and extent of the territory changes;orthodox ideas influenced some characteristics of the frontier changes.
分析由于内竞而不断改变着的政治地理版图,可以得出的认识是:对立政权之间的征伐与争战是疆域变动的直接原因,地理条件的限制作用决定着疆域变动的走向与幅度,正统观念影响了疆域变动的若干特征。
3) official history concept
正史观念
5) family obligation
公正观念
1.
Both the state and the civil agree on the abstract principle that "justice means the consistency between rights and obligations",but disagree when it comes to the concrete contents of obligations, showing a conflict in the understanding of individual obligations and family obligations.
本文从"叶玉珍"财产继承案出发,着重探讨公正观念的民间认同,认为在抽象原则上,官方和民间都认同"权利和义务一致"的公正观念,但在义务的具体内容上,存在个人义务与家族义务的认同冲突。
6) traditional concept
传统观念
1.
Our adoption of market economy exposes people s traditional concepts to various impacts,and righteousness and profit become hot issues in the study of applied ethics.
当我国迈进市场经济的时候,人们的传统观念也开始遭到冲击。
2.
The transplanting of law is a melting process of different cultures and traditional concepts and realities,which plays an important part in the process of making the developing and undeveloped countries modernize with law.
法律移植是多元文化之间及传统观念与现实之间相互碰撞融合过程,它对于发展中国家或后进国家实现法治现代化具有重要意义。
3.
The basis of traditional concept of judicial expertise in ancient China come from the philosophy on the relationship between "Heaven" and "humanity" in Confucian ideology,the traditional basic characteristics and the historical features were identified by the theory of "Heaven and Man".
中国古代司法鉴定的传统观念基础来自于儒家思想体系中关于"天道"与"人道"关系的哲学思考,"天人合一"理论决定了中国古代司法鉴定传统的基本特征和历史面貌。
补充资料：正统派与非正统派
对古代和中世纪印度各派哲学体系传统的分类方法。一般相信吠陀拥有至高权威的哲学派别为正统派，怀疑或反对吠陀权威的哲学派别则为非正统派。根据摩陀婆所著《摄一切见论》，属于正统派的有前弥曼差派（见弥曼差派）、后弥曼差派(也称吠檀多派)、数论派（见数论）、胜论派（见胜论）、正理派和瑜伽派；属于非正统派的有顺世派（见顺世论）、佛教（见印度佛教哲学）和耆那教(见耆那教哲学)。所谓的非正统派，并不承认这种划分法。这种分法虽然有一定的历史根据，但是掩饰了印度哲学派别的唯心主义与唯物主义、辩证法与形而上学的斗争。在正统派的发展过程中，数论、正理论、胜论、弥曼差派常常冲破婆罗门教和印度教神学的束缚，寻求神以外的创世根据，把理性思维、逻辑论证等等放在重要的地位。例如数论认为"原初物质"是世界演变的主要原因,此外,他们还公开批判《吠陀》的错误；胜论认为，整个世界包摄在六个范畴之中，自然界是由多种原素组成的，原子是万物的始基；弥曼差派认为，人们在举行吠陀祭祀仪式时，所获得的果报不是由于神力而是由于业力的原因，从而否定了婆罗门教神的创世说。非正统派中也有着不同的世界观和道德伦理学说，内部之间也进行着剧烈的斗争。
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参考词条