1) lineage
里甲户籍
1.
Since the Ming dynasty, a new norm for lineage institution has evolved side by side with the changes in patriarchal principle adopted by both literati and commoners.
以往的研究已揭示,在明清宗族规范建立和衍变的过程中,宗族内部的权力关系及管理运作机制的改变常常是通过祖先祭祀制度的变化、里甲户籍登记和赋税征收方式的改变来实现的。
2) Lijia
里甲
1.
On the Innovation of Revenue System in the Former Period of Qing Dynasty and the Decline of Lijia System;
论清代前期赋役制度的变革与里甲制度的衰落
2.
After the establishment of the Qing dynasty,the taxes and servitude were implemented according to the Lijia system,that is,to pay taxes if one possessed farmland and to offer servitude if there were ale-bodied men in one s family.
里甲是清王朝建立后征收赋役的地方基层机构。
3) community self-monitoring system
里甲制
1.
1), Quan Rongyan touched on the relationship between land surveys and the community self-monitoring system in Huizhuo in Late Ming from the perspectives of land measure units and the choice and transfer of personnel, and to a certain degree clarified some long-time misunderstandings in the Ming studies.
权溶岩先生在《历史研究》2000年第1期发表的《从祁门县“谢氏纷争”看明末徽州的土地丈量与里甲制》一文,从丈量单位、人役佥选等角度初步涉及了明末徽州地区土地丈量与里甲组织之间存在的相互关系,也在一定程度上澄清了明史界在这一问题上长期存在的错误认识。
4) Lijia system
里甲制度
1.
Therefore,explores the Ming at the beginning of Lijia system of the formulation,the execution and the evolution.
所以,探索明初里甲制度的制定、执行及演变,是解读有明一代政治结构及其运行机制的一把钥匙。
补充资料：里甲
| 里甲 中国明代社会基层组织。城市中的里又称坊，近城者则称厢。每里为110户。洪武三年（1370）始在江南个别地区实行。十四年，推行于全国城乡。一里之中多推丁粮较多的10户为里长，其余100户分为10甲，甲设甲首。里长对上级官府负责，管束所属人户，统计本里人户丁产的消长变化，监督人户生产事宜，调理里内民刑纠纷，并以丁粮和财产多寡为序，按赋役黄册排年应役。以里甲为单位编派的徭投称里役或甲役，有正役和杂泛差役两种。里甲正役是里甲人户应当的重要差役。里长和甲首为10年轮役制。每年由里长一名偕同甲首督率一甲10户应役，其余9里长及9甲人户在此后9年内轮流应役。里甲正役主要项目是：①征收税粮。②办运上贡物料。③支应官府的公用。由于里长“放富差贫”，导致徭役严重不均。明代中叶后，随着一条鞭法的实行，里甲正役逐渐摊入地亩，折银征收，雇募应役，里甲10年应役之法逐步废弃。 |
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