2) in short/brief/sum
简言之;总之
3) tormentor
[英][tɔ:'mentə(r)] [美][tɔr'mɛntɚ]
使苦痛之人
4) suffer from
患(病);受…之苦
5) illocutionary force
言外之力
1.
They tend to render directly what is their own way of speaking into the target language,causing a misunderstanding of illocutionary act in the hearer and a loss of illocutionary force,as a result,leading to pragmatic failure.
跨文化交际中,人们往往会发现交际双方由于受到不同文化背景、不同社会规范和社会言语规则等因素制约,采用本民族的交际方略,直接把自己语言的话语翻译成目标语,与非本民族的人进行交际,造成对方对言外行为(il-locutionary act)的意义产生误解,丧失“言外之力”(illocutionary force),从而导致语用失误(pragm atic failure)。
2.
This paper defines cross-cultural pragmatic failure as cross-culturally communicational breakdown caused by different illocutionary forces mapped to the same lexically-grammatically correct utterance by Addresser and Addressee.
本文把语用失误界定为表达者和接受者赋予了同一个词汇语法上正确的话语以不同的言外之力而导致的跨文化交际中断。
3.
Drawing on John Searle s Speech Act Theory,this article explores performances and functions of illocutionary force in discourse by conducting an in-depth discourse analysis of the Chinese classic drama Sunrise by Caoyu.
以Searle的言语行为理论为依据,侧重分析言外之力在话语中的表现形式和作用。
6) the "Debate on the Relationship Between Language and Meaning"
言意之辨
1.
Viewpoints of Language Shown in the "Debate on the Relationship Between Language and Meaning";
论“言意之辨”中的语言观
补充资料：穷苦
1.贫穷困苦。 2.指极痛苦的事。
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。
参考词条