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1)  Niu-Li political group struggles
牛李党争
1.
The influence of the relation between the leaders and the staff members in the Office of the Military Governors on Niu-Li political group struggles in the late Tang Dynasty;
唐后期方镇使府宾主关系与牛李党争
2)  party struggle
党争
1.
The article skims through the literary and political studies of the Ming Dynasty in the recent hundred years, focuses on the relation of the literature to the politics of the early Ming Dynasty, of the party struggle to the literature of the Dynasty, of the class struggle to the literature, and raises some reflections of the au.
本文对近百年来有关明代文学与政治的研究进行了清理 ,重点评介了明初文学与明初政治、明代党争与明代文学、明代阶级斗争与明代文学等方面的研究成果 ,提出了作者对这一研究课题的一些思
2.
In Chinese history, the party struggles were occurred so often, that supreme rulers of each dynasty always took precautions against it, Ming emperors, has also developed a severe party-ban system, but from Middle- Ming later , fierce ,long and complex party struggles become an important political feature .
中国历史上,党争时有发生,历代最高统治者对此多有防范,明朝皇帝也制定了严厉的党禁制度,然而明朝中晚期激烈长久、纷繁复杂的党争成为当时政治的一个重要特征。
3.
The oringnal of party struggle in WanLi era of Ming Dynasty should be inspected by two facts of history and political background.
考察明朝万历皇帝时期党争的起源,应该从历史渊源和政治背景两个角度出发。
3)  party conflict
党争
1.
This thesis regards Zhang Lei s later period poetryas the research target, takes the North Song Dynasty party conflict afterShao Sheng as the view, discussing the influence of party conflict to ZhangLei s character, the political attitude and the poetry creation, in orderto evaluate Zhang Le.
本文拟在各位学术前辈研究成果的基础上,以张耒后期诗歌创作为研究对象,以北宋绍圣以后党争为视角,探讨党争对张耒思想性格、政治心态和诗歌创作的影响,以期对张耒后期诗歌创作有一个较为客观、公正的认识。
4)  inner-Party struggle
党内斗争
1.
To carry out inner-Party struggle correctly, one should make clear the following points: 1) dialectically cope with the relation between inner-Party confliction and unity; 2)correctly analyze the nature of inner-Party conflict and its scource; 3)stress on resolving ideological confusion; 4)against both "left" devi.
周恩来在反对各种错误倾向的斗争中,善于化解矛盾,从理论和实践的结合上,为正确进行党内斗争留下了许多宝贵的精神财富。
2.
LIU Shao-qi expounded the cause of Inner-Party struggle systematically,main content,necessity and purpose of carrying out the inner-Party struggle.
刘少奇系统阐述了党内斗争发生的原因、主要内容,开展党内斗争的必要性和目的,提出了正确进行党内斗争的方法。
5)  Yuanyou Faction
元祐党争
6)  Scalpers
黄牛党
1.
Economic Analysis of "Scalpers" Behaviors;
“黄牛党”行为的经济学分析
补充资料:牛李党争
牛李党争

    中国唐代后期朝廷大臣之间的派系斗争。牛党的首领是牛僧孺、李宗闵,李党的首领是李德裕,故史称牛李党争(一说牛李专指牛僧孺、李宗闵,而李德裕无党)。
   唐宪宗元和三年(808),牛僧孺、皇甫湜 、李宗闵三人对策时痛诋时政,宰相李吉甫(德裕之父)大为不满。因此宪宗将考官和审查考卷的翰林学士免职贬官,牛僧孺等三人也不予重用。事后颇有人上疏为牛僧孺等鸣不平。宪宗又于同年出李吉甫为淮南节度使,初步形成两派对立的形势。元和年间两派争论的焦点是如何对待藩镇割据。宰相李吉甫、武元衡、裴度等主张武力平叛;另一派宰相李绛、韦贯之、李逢吉主张安抚妥协。由于宪宗和当权宦官支持前者,因此,主战派得势,反对派则利用舆论与之抗衡。李吉甫死后,主战派的中心人物是裴度,反对派的中心人物是李逢吉。
   长庆元年(821),进士科考试中, 前宰相段文昌向穆宗奏称贡举不公,翰林学士李德裕、元稹、李绅也都说段文昌所揭发是实情。李宗闵等人都因此被贬官。从此“德裕、宗闵各分朋党,更相倾轧,垂四十年”。双方各从派系私利出发,互相排斥。
   此后在穆宗、敬宗、文宗三朝,除去大和九年(835)甘露之变前夕,牛李两党都被当时掌权的李训、郑注排斥朝外,大体上是两党交替进退,一党在朝,便排斥对方为外任。
   开成五年(840),文宗死, 牛党和他们依靠的宦官所支持的继承人未能继位,另一派宦官拥立唐武宗即位,牛党失势。李德裕自淮南节度使入为宰相,开始了李党独掌朝政的时期。李德裕虽在会昌年间讨平泽潞叛乱、破回鹘、废佛教等几个方面作出成绩,但他独断专行、排斥异己的作风不但为反对派所憎恨 ,也为宦官所不满。会昌六年(846)宣宗即位。宣宗早就厌恶李德裕,即位之后即贬之外任,李党纷纷被斥。牛党相继入相,牛僧孺、李宗闵也被召还朝(李宗闵不及还朝即死)。李德裕被贬为崖州(今海南琼山东南)司户,死于贬所。牛李两党之争终于以牛党获胜结束。
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