The development of enzyme immunoassays for the determination of pyrethroid residues were reviewed,including hapten design,antibody preparation,and immunoassay establishment and applications.

An algorithm to calculate the fuzzy reliability is obtained,which uses the advantages afforded by the aseismic design principle and the seismic hazard analysis.

Studies on the catalytic antibodies against soman. Ⅱ. A “pro transition state”hapten strategy generating catalytic antibodies with large rate accelerations in hydrolysis of nerve agent soman;