After examining several Chinese characters in Classic of Poetry,"páo" is identified as the present plant named calabash,which is further tested to have been planted in Zhou dynasty.

As a genital sign,calabash experienced four stages:1)originating from human two basic instincts;2)forming as a result of the presentation thought of the primitive men;3)strengthened in the practice of the primitive men;4)confirmed in the language and thought of the primitive men;finally,a complete genital sign system has come into being.

As a crop, the bottle gourd has a history that is the longest in the world.

The Selection of Nutrient Soil for Rearing Watermelon Seedling Grafted on Gourd Root Stock;

An Analysis of the Religious Cultural Content of Gourd;

"Yanpan" and "Legou":the Word "Pangu" Originated from the Grindstone Worship and Gourd Worship of the Ancestors of Zhuang and Dong Ethnic Group——Tenth of Research on Pangu Myth Origin;

Fourteen cucurbitane compounds,including five new ones named delavanosides A～E(1～5),and nine known ones identified as carnosiflogenin A(6),scandenoside R8(7),carnosifloside I(8),carnosi-floside II(9),carnosifloside III(10),hemslecin A(11),hemslecin B(12),2-O-β-D-glycoside of hemslecin A(13)and scandenoside R1(14),were isolated from the tubers of Hemsleya delavayi.