Fractal study on topography of bullet surface wear;

A mathematical model ,with the heat of surface evaporation and respiration as interior heat resource,has been established to calculate the precooling time of spheral fruit by pressure-difference method.

In this paper, it is believed that the heat transfer mechanism of phase change in a capillary tube belongs to liquid film conduction and surface evaporation.

The phenomenon of surface excitation is competitive in nature for elastic and other inelastic scattering processes in surface electron spectroscopies; the knowledge of influence of surface excitations in electron energy loss spectra is then essential for quantitative surface analysis with these spectroscopies.