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1)  vertical competition
纵向竞争
2)  competition of vertical restrains
纵向限制竞争
1.
Based on the current phenomenon and legislation of competition of vertical restrains,the article analyzes the competition,its characteristic and its constitutive requirements of contract by competition of vertical restrains,and probes into the influence of vertical restrains on the competition and the thought to comply with the requirements in building a harmonious order of competition.
文章立足中国纵向限制竞争的现象和立法现状,分析了纵向限制竞争的现实表现,阐明了纵向限制竞争的概念、特征和构成要件,探讨了其对市场竞争的影响以及构建和谐竞争秩序对中国规制纵向限制竞争所提出的要求。
3)  vertical tax competition
纵向税收竞争
1.
According to the vertical tax competition theory,under tax division system,the process of concentrating financial revenue will lead to the extremely high equilibrium tax rate unless central government takes effective corrective policies.
纵向税收竞争理论认为,在分税制下,除非中央政府能够采取有效的矫正措施(corrective policies),否则其集中财政收入的过程可能导致实际的均衡税率过高。
4)  longitudinal modes compete
纵模竞争
5)  lengthwise cooperation and competition system
纵向合作竞争系统
6)  vertical restrictive agreement
纵向限制竞争协议
1.
Through a comparison with horizontal agreements,this article tries to reveal the nature,characteristics and the ways of competition analysis of vertical restrictive agreements.
纵向限制竞争协议主要影响同一品牌内部的竞争,因而对纵向限制竞争协议,主要应看一方当事人的市场力量如何,以及对竞争者的排斥效果如何。
补充资料:纵向
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性质:随意规定或选择的方向,例如:(1)试样的较长方向;(2)机加工方向,即在制造过程中,材料在机器内或机器上成型和移动的方向;(3)已知某一指定性能较强的试样方向;(4)任意选定的方向,特别为期望在测量平面内所测性能均匀时,所任意选定的方向。由于有些塑料材料如薄膜、板材,增强的板材等,其物理力学性能是各向异性的。因此,在制测试样条时,需标明是纵向还是横向,以确定各向的性能。

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