1.
Historical studies show that the phenomenon of dividing the domain up into feudal fiefdoms first appeared during the Shang Dynasty, as this was the most convenient way of ruling such a large stretch of territory.
从历史上考察、商代就有分封诸侯的现象，因为领土大了，分封便于统治。
2.
A woman who is ruler of a principality.
女王，女诸侯统治公国（或封邑）的妇女
3.
The fidelity owed by a vassal to his feudal lord.
效忠诸侯对封建领主的忠诚
4.
Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements,and make them rush to any given point.
是故屈诸侯者以害,役诸侯者以业,趋诸侯者以利。
5.
The ancestors of the Shang had been awarded their fiefdom for helping Yu harness the flood.
商的始祖契因帮助禹治水有功而受封为诸侯，传到汤是第14代。
6.
more walls were put up to defend the borders of the different kingdoms.
各诸侯国为了自己的边境, 分别修筑更多的城墙。
7.
as did the grandees who ruled the various districts of a feudal state with regard to the ruler of the state, and the nobles under them via a via the grandees.
诸侯又分其领土给卿大夫，这些卿大夫对于诸侯，是低一层次的小宗跟大宗的关系
8.
When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,it is dispersive ground.
诸侯自战其地,为散地。
9.
Some kingdoms built huge walls
小的诸侯国修建城墙
10.
One part of the feudal contract bound vassals to give military aid to their superior lords in return for guaranteed protection.
封建契约的一个方面是责令各诸侯为其大君主提供军事援助，从而确保君主对他们的保护。
11.
Analysis of Ethnic Policies Adopted by Dukedoms in Early Western Zhou Dynasty--A Case Study of the State of Qi and the State of Lu;
西周初年诸侯国民族政策个案分析——以齐国和鲁国为例
12.
A territory ruled by a prince or from which a prince derives his title.
公国，侯国，封邑王侯统治的区域或王侯封号的来源地
13.
During the Warring States Period (475 B. C-221 B. C), more walls were put up to defend the borders of the different kingdoms.
战国时期(公元前475-221年), 各诸侯国为了自己的边境, 分别修筑更多的城墙。
14.
In view of national prestige and the concept of same clan or foreign tribe held by prince states in the Central Plains, the political marriage in the Pre-Qin times can be roughly classified into sceven types;
就族类、中原诸侯国关于夷狄的概念及国势而言，先秦政治婚姻大致可分为七种类型；
15.
each principality in China constructed its own @great@ wall
各诸侯国就已经开始修筑自己的城墙，
16.
Dismayed, the princes looked at each other and then went back to their own princedoms in low spirits.
各路诸侯面面相觑，沮丧而归。
17.
We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs.
是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交；
18.
as many as 20 principalities and dynasties
历史上曾有20多个诸侯国和朝代