Based on adjoint method,the adjoint model of the original system was obtained,and then the non-dimensional system was deduced using the time scale transform method and the transfer function method.

The application of the adjoint method for initial state optimization,uncertain parameter optimization,and open boundary optimization in marine numerical simulation was reviewed, and some related problems were discussed.

In the sensitivity analysis of thermal stress and deformation, two kinds of algorithms of the direct method and the adjoint method have been proposed and the coupling effect of temperature field is considered.

By using the adjoint method to calculate the gradient of the object function and then to solve the optimal problem, the theoretical formulation is constructed.

This paper presents a brief overview of some of the recent advances in aerodynamic shape design and optimization, the continuous adjoint method based on Navier Stokes equations is employed to achieve the airfoil optimal design.

Based on the variational adjoint methods in comhination with regularization methods,a new method of single-Doppler wind retrieval is proposed.

In this paper, the adjoint network method is extended to the general nullor networks con-taining R L, C, nullor and various controlled sources, and the formulas calculating active network sensitivity are derived .

In the paper,a unified adjoint network method of linear and nonlinear circuits is presented.

For there are few good analytical methods in NTLs sensitivity,in this paper, we uesd Kuroda s equivalent circuit and adjoint network method to derive the sensitivity formulas of parabolic lossless NTL.

An associated particle method to measure the neutron flux from the ~2H(d,n)~3He reaction;

This paper names the race matrix problem, and resolves it using the formula method and the companion method presented by us .